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Backup and restore PostgreSQL databases with Ansible

Automating PosgreSQL backups with Ansible

There are multiple ways to backup and restore a database. With PostgreSQL we can either use SQL dumps or Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery. This post is about the simple and straighforward SQL dumps, automated using Ansible.

This is a continuation of Install and configure PostgreSQL with Ansible since I am going to use the same structure and variables.

What we will achieve

In this example I will assume that we have an application app_name with a database db_name. We will:

Variables

We will reference vars.yml in our playbook to externalize some configuration and make our playbook more reusable. The variables in question are the name of the database we want to backup, application's name that will be used to create a backup folder of the same name, and a system user user_app to assign ownership to the folder.

vars.yml:

---
user_app: app1user
app_name: app1
db_name: app1

The inventory file

The playbook expects that we configure the target machines using an inventory file. Just create ansible.cfg and hosts.ini files with the proper connection information, or modify the playbook itself.

ansible.cfg:

[defaults]
inventory = hosts.ini

hosts.ini:

[app1]
192.168.122.89

Create a database SQL dump

Let's create the playbook!

---
- hosts: all
  become: yes

  vars_files:
    - vars.yml

  tasks:
    - name: "Set timestamp of the backup"
      set_fact:
        now: "{{ lookup("pipe", "date +%F-%T") }}"

    - name: "Create a backup directory"
      file:
        path: "/var/lib/{{ app_name }}/backups/{{ now }}/"
        mode: 0777
        owner: "{{ user_app }}"
        state: directory

First, we need a directory to store the backups. The first task generates a timestamp that is later used to distribute dumps into directories based on the time of the backup. The main task creates the folder structure based on the user_app and now variables.

This is done with file module that can create a directory tree that doesn't exist and set the ownership and permissions. user_app is a system user name that has to exist on the target machine.

    - name: "Back up the database"
      postgresql_db:
        state: dump
        name: "{{ db_name }}"
        target: "/var/lib/{{ app_name }}/backups/{{ now }}/{{ db_name }}.dump.gz"
      become: yes
      become_user: postgres

    - name: "Fetch backup from the server"
      fetch:
        src: "/var/lib/{{ app_name }}/backups/{{ now }}/{{ db_name }}.dump.gz"
        dest: "backups/{{ now }}/{{ db_name }}.dump.gz"
        flat: yes

We use postgresql_db Ansible module that can create the dump file automatically. The format of the file is determined by the target file extension. In this case, the dump will be also compressed with Gzip. postgresql_db module is usually invoked as the postgres user, because no other user can administer the PostgreSQL cluster by default.

In the last task for backing up the database, we also download the file to a local folder using fetch module. The usage is straightforward.

Restore a database from a SQL dump

The restore playbook will work with one more variable, backup_file, that points to the dump file we want to restore. We can pass the variable to Ansible when invoking the playbook, e.g. --extra-vars "backup_file=2021-03-28-19:38:12/app1".

---
- hosts: all
  become: yes

  vars_files:
    - vars.yml

  tasks:
    - name: "Create a backup directory"
      file:
        path: "/var/lib/{{ app_name }}/backups/uploads/{{ backup_file | dirname }}"
        mode: 0777
        owner: "{{ user_app }}"
        state: directory

    - name: "Copy backup to the server"
      copy:
        src: "backups/{{ backup_file }}.dump.gz"
        dest: "/var/lib/{{ app_name }}/backups/uploads/{{ backup_file }}.dump.gz"

    - name: "Restore the database"
      postgresql_db:
        state: restore
        name: "{{db_name}}"
        target: "/var/lib/{{ app_name }}/backups/uploads/{{ backup_file }}.dump.gz"
      become: yes
      become_user: postgres

At the beginning, we extract the time-based directory name and use it to create a folder under a new directory uploads. That's where we copy our local dump before using it on the server. For restoring the database, we again use the postgresql_db run as the postgres user.

And that's it!

Last updated on 29.3.2021.

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